Маршрутизация наркотрафика «Северный» и «Каспийский» в проблематике региональной безопасности
Ключевые слова:
региональная безопасность, «Северный маршрут», «Каспийский маршрут», Центральная Азия, Афганистан,Аннотация
Проблема наркотрафика имеет сегодня повсеместное распространение. Для Центральной Азии это одновременно и вызов, и угроза региональной безопасности. Разрастание масштабов наркотрафика и сопровождающих его проблем привело к выделению в международной практике двух взаимозависимых регионов Центральноазиатского и Каспийского, где десятилетиями налажен трафик. Здесь достаточно прозрачные границы для расширения каналов наркотрафика, что позволяет адаптировать формы этого «бизнеса» к меняющимся условиям международной среды. Данная проблема рассматривается в статье как угроза для поступательного развития государств обоих регионов. Предлагается гипотеза, в соответствии с которой, чем более дезинтегрированы межрегиональные связи (имеются в виду торгово-экономические, политические, гуманитарные и др. отношения между странами), тем больше интегрирован незаконный наркобизнес, срастание его с государственными структурами ведет к потере суверенитета слабых государств.Библиографические ссылки
1 United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1988 (Konventsiya OON ot 1988 «Protiv nezakonnogo rasprostraneniya narkotikov i psikhotropnykh sredstv»): [www.unodc.org/pdf/convention_1988_en.pdf]
2 UNODC World Drug Report 2010. URL: [https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/wdr-2010.html]; UNODC Research, Analysis and Statistics. URL: [https://www.unodc.org/unodc/ en/research.html/]; Thematic Programme on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice 2012-2015 // UNODC World Drug Documents. URL: [https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-andprison-
reform/20120702_-_thematic_programme_crime_prev_and_criminal_justice-2012-2015_final.pdf]
3 Afganskiy narkotrafik: osnovnyye marshruty. Spravka // RIA Novosti. – 2010, 03 iyunya. URL: [http://ria.ru/spravka/20100603/242406939.html]
4 Yezhegodnyy mirovoy narkotrafik otsenivayetsya v 800 milliardov dollarov // Pressria.ru. – 2012, 06 marta
5 UNODC World Drug Report 2011 (Marshruty trafika geroina iz Afganistana i yego ob»yomy v 2009 g.). URL: [http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2011/World_Drug_Report_2011_ebook. pdf], – P. 71
6 Global heroin flows from Asian points of origin // UNODC World Drug Report 2010. URL: [https://www.unodc.org/
unodc/en/data-and-analysis/wdr-2010.html]; Mirovyye proizvoditeli i postavshchiki narkotikov.- URL: [http://web.archive.org/web/201310211316112/http:/vestnik-mgou.ru/web/library/files/ incoming/2/2009/3/st27.pdf/], 27 marta 2009
7 Yevropa, Rossiya i Iran potreblyayut boleye 80 % afganskikh narkotikov // Islamnews. – 2010, 09 June: [http://www.islamnews.ru/news-24746.html]; Afganistan i problema narkotikov // Golosameriki [http://www.golos-ameriki.ru/content/Afghanistandrugs-
2010-06-03-95555239/1851.html]
8 Afghanistan’s opium crop hits record high // Independent. – 2013, 15 April. – URL: [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/
world/asia/afghanistans-opium-crop-hits-record-high-as-farmers-return-to-planting-illicit-poppies-8573125.html]
9 U.S., Afghanistan Announcement of Counternarcotics Awards // U.S. Department of State. – 2010, 10 November:[http://
iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2010/11/20101110153112su0.6520894.html]
10 US to Give $19.2 m to Ministry of Counternarcotics // Afghanistan.net. – 2011, 04 December:[http://outlookafghanistan.net/national.php pageNum_national=143&totalRows_national=2652,], [http://outlookafghanistan.net/national_detail.php?post_
id=2723#sthash.bkwNjgGx.dpuf]
11 The deadly blooms of Helmand: Afghan farmers turn to the opium crop, despite the police’s best efforts // Independent. – 2015, 03 May; takzhe «Chego deystvitel’no udalos’ dostich’ v rezul’tate voyny v Afganistane?» // Independent. – 2011, 29 May
12 Afganskiy narkotrafik: osnovnyye marshruty. Spravka: [Press-konferentsiya glavy FSKN Rossii 11 fevralya 2011] // RIA Novosti. – 2010, 03 iyunya; UNODC World Drug Report 2010: URL:[https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/wdr-
2010.html]
13 Drug trafficking. UNODC World Drug Report 2010. URL: [https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/wdr-2010.html]
14 The Globalization of Crime: A Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment // United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: website 2010. – R.115. – URL: http://www. unodc.org/documents/data_and_analysis/tocta/TOCTA_Report_2010_low_res.
pdf; Sm.: Drug Situation Analysis Report: Central Asia
15 Opiate Flows through Northern Afghanistan and Central Asia: A Threat Assessment // United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: website. 2012. May. – P. 46. URL: http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Studies/Afghanistan_nort-hern_
route_2012_web.pdf
16 Komissina I., Kurtov A. Narkoticheskaya «zarya» nad Tsentral’noy Aziyey – novaya ugroza tsivilizatsii // Tsentral’naya Aziya i Kavkaz. – 2000. – № 5; Narkotiki iz Afganistana v Rossiyu postavlyayut pochti 200 narkokarteley // Regnum.ru. – 2009, 06
May. – URL: [http://www.regnum.ru/news/1160010.html]
17 United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances: [http://www.unodc.org/
pdf/convention_1988_en.pdf]
18 Resolution 51/12 of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs [https://www.unodc.org/documents/ commissions/cnd/drug_resolutions/
2000-2009/2008/cnd_res-2008-12e. pdf]
19 Vsemirnyy doklad o narkotikakh 2015 g., UNODC// URL:http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr2015/WDR15_ExSum_R.pdf
20 Al’ternativnoye razvitiye. Ofitsial’nyy sayt UNP OON // [http://www.unodc.org/unodc/ru/alternative-development/index.html]; Afghanistan Opium Survey 2015. Socio-economic analysis. March 2015. Research. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Ministry of Counter Narcotics/ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: [www.unodc.org], [www.mcn.gov.af]
2 UNODC World Drug Report 2010. URL: [https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/wdr-2010.html]; UNODC Research, Analysis and Statistics. URL: [https://www.unodc.org/unodc/ en/research.html/]; Thematic Programme on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice 2012-2015 // UNODC World Drug Documents. URL: [https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-andprison-
reform/20120702_-_thematic_programme_crime_prev_and_criminal_justice-2012-2015_final.pdf]
3 Afganskiy narkotrafik: osnovnyye marshruty. Spravka // RIA Novosti. – 2010, 03 iyunya. URL: [http://ria.ru/spravka/20100603/242406939.html]
4 Yezhegodnyy mirovoy narkotrafik otsenivayetsya v 800 milliardov dollarov // Pressria.ru. – 2012, 06 marta
5 UNODC World Drug Report 2011 (Marshruty trafika geroina iz Afganistana i yego ob»yomy v 2009 g.). URL: [http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2011/World_Drug_Report_2011_ebook. pdf], – P. 71
6 Global heroin flows from Asian points of origin // UNODC World Drug Report 2010. URL: [https://www.unodc.org/
unodc/en/data-and-analysis/wdr-2010.html]; Mirovyye proizvoditeli i postavshchiki narkotikov.- URL: [http://web.archive.org/web/201310211316112/http:/vestnik-mgou.ru/web/library/files/ incoming/2/2009/3/st27.pdf/], 27 marta 2009
7 Yevropa, Rossiya i Iran potreblyayut boleye 80 % afganskikh narkotikov // Islamnews. – 2010, 09 June: [http://www.islamnews.ru/news-24746.html]; Afganistan i problema narkotikov // Golosameriki [http://www.golos-ameriki.ru/content/Afghanistandrugs-
2010-06-03-95555239/1851.html]
8 Afghanistan’s opium crop hits record high // Independent. – 2013, 15 April. – URL: [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/
world/asia/afghanistans-opium-crop-hits-record-high-as-farmers-return-to-planting-illicit-poppies-8573125.html]
9 U.S., Afghanistan Announcement of Counternarcotics Awards // U.S. Department of State. – 2010, 10 November:[http://
iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2010/11/20101110153112su0.6520894.html]
10 US to Give $19.2 m to Ministry of Counternarcotics // Afghanistan.net. – 2011, 04 December:[http://outlookafghanistan.net/national.php pageNum_national=143&totalRows_national=2652,], [http://outlookafghanistan.net/national_detail.php?post_
id=2723#sthash.bkwNjgGx.dpuf]
11 The deadly blooms of Helmand: Afghan farmers turn to the opium crop, despite the police’s best efforts // Independent. – 2015, 03 May; takzhe «Chego deystvitel’no udalos’ dostich’ v rezul’tate voyny v Afganistane?» // Independent. – 2011, 29 May
12 Afganskiy narkotrafik: osnovnyye marshruty. Spravka: [Press-konferentsiya glavy FSKN Rossii 11 fevralya 2011] // RIA Novosti. – 2010, 03 iyunya; UNODC World Drug Report 2010: URL:[https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/wdr-
2010.html]
13 Drug trafficking. UNODC World Drug Report 2010. URL: [https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/wdr-2010.html]
14 The Globalization of Crime: A Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment // United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: website 2010. – R.115. – URL: http://www. unodc.org/documents/data_and_analysis/tocta/TOCTA_Report_2010_low_res.
pdf; Sm.: Drug Situation Analysis Report: Central Asia
15 Opiate Flows through Northern Afghanistan and Central Asia: A Threat Assessment // United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: website. 2012. May. – P. 46. URL: http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Studies/Afghanistan_nort-hern_
route_2012_web.pdf
16 Komissina I., Kurtov A. Narkoticheskaya «zarya» nad Tsentral’noy Aziyey – novaya ugroza tsivilizatsii // Tsentral’naya Aziya i Kavkaz. – 2000. – № 5; Narkotiki iz Afganistana v Rossiyu postavlyayut pochti 200 narkokarteley // Regnum.ru. – 2009, 06
May. – URL: [http://www.regnum.ru/news/1160010.html]
17 United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances: [http://www.unodc.org/
pdf/convention_1988_en.pdf]
18 Resolution 51/12 of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs [https://www.unodc.org/documents/ commissions/cnd/drug_resolutions/
2000-2009/2008/cnd_res-2008-12e. pdf]
19 Vsemirnyy doklad o narkotikakh 2015 g., UNODC// URL:http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr2015/WDR15_ExSum_R.pdf
20 Al’ternativnoye razvitiye. Ofitsial’nyy sayt UNP OON // [http://www.unodc.org/unodc/ru/alternative-development/index.html]; Afghanistan Opium Survey 2015. Socio-economic analysis. March 2015. Research. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Ministry of Counter Narcotics/ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: [www.unodc.org], [www.mcn.gov.af]
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Современные проблемы внешней политики и международных отношений
